Perguntas e respostas de Barack Obama há minutos (apontamentos em inglês/em itálico novos dados):
Obama: (...) What we have achieved in
Q Can you give more detail on transparency issue? On emission curbs? And what about cutting emissions specifically?
On second question first, the way the agreement is structured, each nation will put concrete commitments into an appendix of the document, with specifics on intentions. Those commitments will be subject to an international consultation and analysis similar to what takes place when WTO is examining progress or lack of progress countries are making on various commitments. It will not be legally binding, but allow each country to show to the world what they are doing, and it will give a sense of how 'we are in this together' and show who is meeting and not meeting their own goals.
For emission targets, we know that they will not be sufficient to get to where they need to get by 2050. That is why I call this a first step. The science dictates that even more needs to be done. The challenge for emerging countries that are in different stages of development, this will be the first time they have voluntarily offered up mitigation targets. That shift in orientation moving was important, perhaps the most significant part of this accord.
(...) Although we will not be legally bound by anything that took place today, we will have reaffirmed our commitment to meet those targets, both because science demands it but also because it offers us enormous economic opportunity down the road.
(inaudiable) If I make a claim that I am reducing emissions because I've changed mileage standards on cars, there will be a process for people to take a look and see if that is in fact the case.
Q You've told leaders they might need to give up somethings to reach an agreement. What have you given up? And since this was so hard, what are the chances of getting something stronger?
I think it will be very hard and will take some time. The US has been on the sidelines for these negotiations for several years. Essentially you had the Kyoto Protocol calling on developed countries take action on targets, but few if any obligations for developing countries. What has happened since 1992, you have emerging countries like China, India, Brazil that have seen enormous growth and industrialization. Moving forward, it will be necessary for those countries to make some changes as well -- not the same pace or same way, but have to do something.
On the other hand, developing countries say per capita our carbon footprint is very small, so for us to be bound by a set of legal obligations could curtail our ability to develop and that is not fair. So there is a fundamental deadlock on perspective that were brought to discussions this week, both sides with legit points. My view is if we can agree that developing countries will have some obligations (but not the same as developed) along with finances for countries most vulnerable, then we'll be reorienting ourselves for the future. It will still take more work and confidence building before all types of countries before you'll see another legally binding treaty signed. I am supportive of a binding treaty, but if we just waited for that then we would not make any progress. I think there might be so my cynasism that instead of taking one step forward, we'd take two steps back.
Ultimately this will be dictated by the science, which tells us we'll have to take bolder steps in the future. [references Clean Air Act, how it was affordably implemented]
We are going to need technological breakthroughs to reach the goals we are looking for. In the meantime, we need to emphasize energy efficiency which is already in our grasp.
Q What flexibility on position did US bring?
We did a lot of ground work so our position was clear. The one principle I brought to this is that I'd only commit us to things I think we can really achieve. Our mitigation goals in 2025, etc are comperable to EUs. It would be unrealistic to think we can turn on a dime and create a clean energy economy overnight. Companies and industries are going to want to make changes, some progress but not all have beared fruit yet.
Q Appendix... going forward will that be sufficient or do you think this will continue to be a source of friction between US and China?
For the first time these countries have set significant mitigation targets, and I want to give them create. Many still living in poverty in India. For them to say they'll reduce emissions by X percent is big and we applaud them for that. The verification we'll get from this setup will tell us a lot of what we want to know... we'll also be able to keep track via satellite quite well.
Legally binding is important, but that was not achievable at this conference. Kyoto was legally binding and everyone still fell short anyway.. instead of setting up a bunch of words on a page that aren't met, we should instead take as aggressive steps as we can, strive for more binding agreements over time, and keep moving forward. That is the main goal I tried to pursue today.
As people step back, a lot will say 'science will say you have to do xyz' but we don't have international enforcement. In terms of future obligations, the most important thing we can do at this point, I think, is build trust between deving and deved countries to keep people from looking back and instead everyone recognize that we all need to move forward together.
This is going to be hard, both within countries and even harder between countries. One of the things I felt strongly about this year was that hard stuff requires not paralyzes but making the best of a situation.
Thanks, we'll see some of you on the plane.
Q (inaudible)
We've got our negotiators here. I don't think I'll be the only leader leaving before the agreement is signed. Technically there is not a 'signature' required, I don't know the protocols. But this is a commitment that the United States is making.
[ACT.] Transcrição oficial integral disponível aqui [novo link].
Veja aqui a cerimónia integral de líderes desta tarde, com intervenções de Lars Rasmussen, Ban Ki-Moon, Lula da Silva, Barack Obama, Evo Morales e outros.
Discurso do presidente brasileiro:
Parties should collectively reduce global emissions by at least [50][85][95] per cent from 1990 levels by 2050.
Ontem, os negociadores presentes na Cimeira de Copenhaga receberam 50 mil postais enviados dos quatro cantos do mundo, apelando à concentração de esforços para um Acordo climático ambicioso e que exclua a energia nuclear. Esta iniciativa pretendeu alertar para as tentativas subtis, por parte dos grupos de interesses, em incluir a energia nuclear no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (CDM, na sigla em inglês), criado no quadro do Protocolo de Quioto.
Esses grupos de pressão têm sido eficazes. Os Acordos de Marraquexe, que excluíram a energia nuclear dos mecanismos flexíveis no quadro do Protocolo de Quioto, são agora complementados por outras opções. Em resultado, o nuclear seria só proibido no próximo período de compromisso ou poderia mesmo tornar-se elegível para os períodos subsequentes, a começar do ano passado!
As Organizações Não Governamentais reiteram que a energia nuclear não é nem limpa nem benéfica para o clima, para além de não ser também uma fonte energética rentável. Apelamos assim aos Chefes de Estado que se abstenham de desviar dinheiro das soluções reais, como as energias renováveis, para o nuclear! A meta aqui é o desenvolvimento sustentável e não projectos perigosos que impliquem investimentos de grande envergadura.
Na primeira foto, o lider do movimento antiglobalização e membro do Parlamento Europeu, Jose Bove, assina o cartaz na acção de entrega dos postais "Don't Nuke the Climate", que decorreu no Bella Center.
Discurso do Presidente dos Estados Unidos da América, Barack Obama, já está disponível aqui, em texto.
Os delegados espalham-se junto às televisões para ouvir os discursos dos chefes de Governo, na sessão plenária informal. O mais aguardado era sem dúvida o de Obama. Mas o mais aplaudido (até agora) foi o de Lula da Silva. (a sessão continua…)
Com o café servido (a dois euros) na Cimeira são oferecidos quadradinhos de chocolate de comércio justo. O cestinho tem um pequeno cartão a desejar Um Dia Bom.
É o que todos desejamos neste último dia oficial da COP15, a cimeira do clima mais importante dos últimos anos.
Os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) estão prestes a alcançar significantes reduções nas suas emissões de gases com efeito de estufa graças às políticas energéticas e de combate às alterações climáticas livres de carbono adoptadas pelos governos estaduais. Um relatório recente da organização ambiental “Environment America” estima que tais políticas contribuam para que os EUA reduzam as suas emissões em aproximadamente 536 milhões de toneladas de CO2 eq por ano até 2020, em comparação com a tendência actual. Tratam-se de reduções significativas, maiores do que o emitido actualmente por oito nações mundiais e correspondentes a cerca de 7% do total emitido pelos EUA em 2007.
Esta mensagem está a ser repetida em Copenhaga por outros governadores norte-americanos. Apesar dos estados não estarem à espera de uma acção a nível nacional ou internacional, um Acordo em Copenhaga mantém-se absolutamente crucial para assegurar que podemos proteger o nosso planeta e os povos mais vulneráveis das ameaças levantadas pelas alterações climáticas.
. Listas de Ligações
. 5 links para a cobertura em directo
. 6 links oficiais sobre a COP15
. Outros 15 'especiais informação' sobre a COP 15
. 10 links de informação alternativa
. Sites Oficiais (em inglês)
. Página Oficial da Organização da Conferência
. Página Oficial das Nações Unidas sobre a Conferência
. Convenção das Nações Unidas para as Alterações Climáticas
. Painel Intergovernamental para as Alterações Climáticas
. Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento
. Programa das Nações Unidas para o Ambiente
. Organização Meteorológica Mundial
. Documentos (em português)
. Plano Nacional para as Alterações Climáticas
. Plano Nacional de Licenças de Emissão de CO2 (PNALE) 2008-2012